The mammalian brain can be conceptualized as a thalamocortical system, yet the thalamus is often ignored in studies of brain network organization. One major focus of our research is to use advanced network neurosciecne techniques to investigate the thalamus's contribution to diverse network and cognitive functions.

The human thalamus is a difficult region to study because of its small size and deep location. To address this challenge, we are now conducting studies with a novel approach: combining multimodal neuroimaging (fMRI and EEG) and human lesions studies. The goal is to determine how the disruption of thalamocortical interactions after thalamic lesion affects cortical neural activity and behavior. We are now focusing on how the thalamus modulate cortical evoked responses, neural oscillations, and cortico-cortical functional connectivity for cognitive control.

Task representations is a central component of cognitive control. However, several important properties of task representations are not well understood, including their structure and interactive dynamics. This is likely because it is difficult to directly observe these latent properties of mental representations using conventional behavioral and neuroimaging methods. We are conducting mulitmodal neuroimag, lesion, and behavioral modeling studies to discover the structure and dynamics of representations that facilitate cognitive control.

Could functional connectivity be modulated by "top-down biasing signals"? We are studying how cognitive control influences information exchange between task-related brain regions, and to identify brain regions interacting with dynamic functional connectivity patterns. We use TMS to causally map regions that provide "biasing signals" to enhance or inhibit functional connectivity for cognitive control.

The cardinal characteristic of cognitive control is it is flexible and context dependent. We are not governed by the same set of rules in every situation. If so, how do we use circumstantial information to adjust our actions, specifically, adjust mappings between sensory and motor processes? We have developed a paradigm that requires human subjects to switch between action rules depending on a superordinate, circumstantial context. Parallel EEG and fMRI studies are now in progress.

How do brain networks flexibly process and communicate information? Possibly through oscillatory neural activities. Different brain rhythms are thought to reflect distinct biophysical and circuit-level processes, thus could be indices of distinct neurocognitive mechanisms. We study how oscillatory neural dynamics support cognitive control in adults and during development.

Historically, cognitive control and its neurodevelopment have been studied using univariate approaches to probe relevant brain regions in isolation. However, several brain maturational processes (e.g., myelination) affect the brain as a network from childhood through adolescence. Hence, how functional brain networks are organized across development has important implication to its information processing capacity. Right now we are focusing on network properties of the human thalamocortical system.